Caffeine Content in 100+ Drinks and Foods: The Definitive Reference
Complete caffeine content reference for 100+ beverages, foods, supplements, and medications. Organized by category with mg per serving and mg per 100ml values.
Why a Definitive Caffeine Reference Matters
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance on Earth. Approximately 85% of the U.S. adult population consumes at least one caffeinated beverage per day, according to a 2014 study published in Food and Chemical Toxicology (Mitchell et al., 2014). Globally, average caffeine consumption is estimated at 70 mg per person per day, with some Scandinavian countries exceeding 400 mg per capita daily.
Despite its ubiquity, most people have no idea how much caffeine they actually consume. A "cup of coffee" can contain anywhere from 30 mg to over 500 mg depending on the type, preparation method, and serving size. Energy drinks range from 50 mg to over 300 mg per can. Even foods like chocolate, ice cream, and certain medications contribute meaningful amounts.
This guide provides exact caffeine content data for over 100 drinks, foods, and supplements, organized by category. All values are sourced from USDA FoodData Central, manufacturer disclosures, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2015 Scientific Opinion on caffeine safety, and peer-reviewed analyses.
If you track your nutrition with Nutrola, caffeine values are automatically logged when you scan or photograph caffeinated items, making it straightforward to monitor your daily intake against recommended limits.
Safe Daily Caffeine Limits
Before diving into the data, it is important to understand the established safety thresholds.
Recommended Maximums by Population Group
| Population Group | Recommended Maximum | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Healthy adults | 400 mg/day | EFSA 2015, FDA |
| Pregnant women | 200 mg/day | EFSA 2015, ACOG, WHO |
| Breastfeeding women | 200 mg/day | EFSA 2015 |
| Adolescents (12-17) | 3 mg/kg body weight/day | EFSA 2015 |
| Children (3-11) | 3 mg/kg body weight/day | EFSA 2015 |
| Single dose (adults) | 200 mg per occasion | EFSA 2015 |
The EFSA Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine (EFSA Journal 2015;13(5):4102) concluded that single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg and habitual consumption up to 400 mg/day do not raise safety concerns for healthy adults. For pregnant women, intakes up to 200 mg/day do not raise safety concerns for the fetus.
Symptoms of Excessive Intake
Consuming above 400 mg/day or above 200 mg in a single dose may cause insomnia, nervousness, restlessness, stomach irritation, rapid heartbeat, and muscle tremors. Doses above 1,200 mg can produce toxic effects. Lethal doses are estimated at roughly 10 grams (10,000 mg) for adults, though fatalities have been reported at lower doses in sensitive individuals.
Coffee: Caffeine Content by Type
Coffee is the primary source of caffeine for most adults. However, caffeine content varies enormously depending on the bean type, roast level, grind size, brewing method, water temperature, and brew time.
Brewed and Specialty Coffee
| Beverage | Serving Size | Caffeine (mg) | mg per 100ml |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drip/filter coffee (Arabica) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 95 | 40 |
| Drip/filter coffee (Robusta) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 170-200 | 71-83 |
| French press | 240 ml (8 oz) | 80-100 | 33-42 |
| Pour-over (V60, Chemex) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 90-110 | 38-46 |
| Cold brew concentrate | 240 ml (8 oz) | 200-300 | 83-125 |
| Cold brew (ready-to-drink, diluted) | 355 ml (12 oz) | 150-230 | 42-65 |
| AeroPress | 240 ml (8 oz) | 50-70 | 21-29 |
| Percolator | 240 ml (8 oz) | 80-135 | 33-56 |
| Turkish coffee | 60 ml (2 oz) | 50-65 | 83-108 |
| Moka pot (stovetop espresso) | 60 ml (2 oz) | 60-80 | 100-133 |
| Vietnamese phin coffee | 120 ml (4 oz) | 100-150 | 83-125 |
| Instant coffee | 240 ml (8 oz) | 30-90 | 13-38 |
| Decaf coffee (drip) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 2-15 | 1-6 |
Espresso-Based Drinks
| Beverage | Serving Size | Caffeine (mg) | mg per 100ml |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single espresso shot | 30 ml (1 oz) | 63 | 210 |
| Double espresso (doppio) | 60 ml (2 oz) | 126 | 210 |
| Ristretto | 22 ml (0.75 oz) | 60-75 | 273-341 |
| Lungo | 60 ml (2 oz) | 80-120 | 133-200 |
| Americano (double shot) | 355 ml (12 oz) | 126 | 35 |
| Latte (double shot) | 355 ml (12 oz) | 126 | 35 |
| Cappuccino (double shot) | 180 ml (6 oz) | 126 | 70 |
| Flat white (double shot) | 180 ml (6 oz) | 126 | 70 |
| Mocha (double shot) | 355 ml (12 oz) | 126 | 35 |
| Macchiato (single shot) | 60 ml (2 oz) | 63 | 105 |
Chain Coffee Shops
| Beverage | Serving Size | Caffeine (mg) | mg per 100ml |
|---|---|---|---|
| Starbucks Pike Place (Grande) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 310 | 66 |
| Starbucks Blonde Roast (Grande) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 360 | 76 |
| Starbucks Dark Roast (Grande) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 260 | 55 |
| Starbucks Cold Brew (Grande) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 205 | 43 |
| Starbucks Nitro Cold Brew (Grande) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 280 | 59 |
| Starbucks Espresso Frappuccino (Grande) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 155 | 33 |
| Dunkin' Donuts brewed coffee (Medium) | 414 ml (14 oz) | 210 | 51 |
| Dunkin' Donuts iced coffee (Medium) | 710 ml (24 oz) | 297 | 42 |
| McDonald's brewed coffee (Medium) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 145 | 31 |
| Tim Hortons brewed coffee (Medium) | 414 ml (14 oz) | 205 | 50 |
| Peet's Coffee brewed (Medium) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 267 | 56 |
| Death Wish Coffee (drip) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 472 | 197 |
A key observation: light roasts generally contain slightly more caffeine by volume than dark roasts, because roasting breaks down caffeine molecules. However, dark roast beans weigh less per bean, so measuring by weight reverses this relationship.
Tea: Caffeine Content by Type
Tea is the second most consumed beverage worldwide after water. Caffeine content depends on the tea plant variety (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis vs. var. assamica), leaf maturity, processing method, water temperature, and steep time.
| Beverage | Serving Size | Caffeine (mg) | mg per 100ml |
|---|---|---|---|
| Matcha (ceremonial grade) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 60-80 | 25-33 |
| Matcha latte | 355 ml (12 oz) | 60-80 | 17-23 |
| Black tea (typical) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 40-70 | 17-29 |
| English Breakfast tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 40-60 | 17-25 |
| Earl Grey | 240 ml (8 oz) | 40-55 | 17-23 |
| Assam black tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 50-80 | 21-33 |
| Darjeeling | 240 ml (8 oz) | 40-60 | 17-25 |
| Ceylon black tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 50-65 | 21-27 |
| Oolong tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 30-50 | 13-21 |
| Green tea (typical) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 20-45 | 8-19 |
| Sencha | 240 ml (8 oz) | 20-30 | 8-13 |
| Gyokuro | 240 ml (8 oz) | 120-140 | 50-58 |
| Jasmine green tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 15-30 | 6-13 |
| White tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 15-30 | 6-13 |
| Pu-erh tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 30-70 | 13-29 |
| Yerba mate (traditional gourd) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 30-50 | 13-21 |
| Yerba mate (brewed strong) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 65-130 | 27-54 |
| Guayusa | 240 ml (8 oz) | 66-90 | 28-38 |
| Chai tea latte | 355 ml (12 oz) | 50-70 | 14-20 |
| Decaf black tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 2-5 | 1-2 |
| Decaf green tea | 240 ml (8 oz) | 1-4 | 0.4-2 |
| Herbal tea (chamomile, rooibos, mint) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 0 | 0 |
A notable surprise: Gyokuro, a shade-grown Japanese green tea, can contain more caffeine per cup than many black teas. The shading process increases L-theanine and caffeine production in the leaves.
Energy Drinks
Energy drinks are a fast-growing category. The global energy drinks market is projected to exceed $100 billion by 2027. Many consumers underestimate the caffeine content, especially in larger cans.
| Beverage | Serving Size | Caffeine (mg) | mg per 100ml |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Bull | 250 ml (8.4 oz) | 80 | 32 |
| Red Bull (large) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 151 | 32 |
| Monster Energy (original) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 160 | 34 |
| Monster Ultra (zero sugar) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 150 | 32 |
| Monster Java | 443 ml (15 oz) | 188 | 42 |
| Celsius (original) | 355 ml (12 oz) | 200 | 56 |
| Celsius Heat | 473 ml (16 oz) | 300 | 63 |
| Celsius Vibe | 355 ml (12 oz) | 200 | 56 |
| Bang Energy | 473 ml (16 oz) | 300 | 63 |
| Reign Total Body Fuel | 473 ml (16 oz) | 300 | 63 |
| C4 Energy | 473 ml (16 oz) | 200 | 42 |
| Ghost Energy | 473 ml (16 oz) | 200 | 42 |
| ZOA Energy | 355 ml (12 oz) | 160 | 45 |
| Rockstar Original | 473 ml (16 oz) | 160 | 34 |
| Rockstar Punched | 473 ml (16 oz) | 240 | 51 |
| NOS | 473 ml (16 oz) | 160 | 34 |
| 5-Hour Energy (shot) | 57 ml (1.93 oz) | 200 | 351 |
| 5-Hour Energy Extra Strength | 57 ml (1.93 oz) | 230 | 404 |
| Alani Nu Energy | 355 ml (12 oz) | 200 | 56 |
| PRIME Energy | 355 ml (12 oz) | 200 | 56 |
| Panera Charged Lemonade (large, original) | 591 ml (20 oz) | 260 | 44 |
| Yerba Mate (Guayaki brand, can) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 150 | 32 |
| BAYA Energy (Starbucks) | 355 ml (12 oz) | 160 | 45 |
| Xyience Xenergy | 473 ml (16 oz) | 176 | 37 |
| Zipfizz (powder tube in water) | 473 ml (16 oz) | 100 | 21 |
Important Safety Note for Energy Drinks
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children and adolescents should not consume energy drinks. Multiple case reports have linked high-caffeine energy drinks to cardiac events, particularly in individuals with undiagnosed heart conditions. The FDA does not regulate caffeine content in energy drinks as strictly as in sodas (which are capped at 71 mg per 12 oz under FDA guidelines for cola-type beverages).
Soft Drinks and Sodas
Many soft drinks contain less caffeine than people assume, though they remain a significant source for those who drink multiple servings daily.
| Beverage | Serving Size | Caffeine (mg) | mg per 100ml |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coca-Cola Classic | 355 ml (12 oz) | 34 | 10 |
| Coca-Cola Zero Sugar | 355 ml (12 oz) | 34 | 10 |
| Diet Coke | 355 ml (12 oz) | 46 | 13 |
| Pepsi | 355 ml (12 oz) | 38 | 11 |
| Diet Pepsi | 355 ml (12 oz) | 35 | 10 |
| Pepsi Zero Sugar | 355 ml (12 oz) | 69 | 19 |
| Dr Pepper | 355 ml (12 oz) | 41 | 12 |
| Diet Dr Pepper | 355 ml (12 oz) | 41 | 12 |
| Mountain Dew | 355 ml (12 oz) | 54 | 15 |
| Diet Mountain Dew | 355 ml (12 oz) | 54 | 15 |
| Mountain Dew Baja Blast | 355 ml (12 oz) | 54 | 15 |
| Barq's Root Beer | 355 ml (12 oz) | 22 | 6 |
| Sunkist Orange | 355 ml (12 oz) | 19 | 5 |
| A&W Root Beer | 355 ml (12 oz) | 0 | 0 |
| 7-Up | 355 ml (12 oz) | 0 | 0 |
| Sprite | 355 ml (12 oz) | 0 | 0 |
| Fanta | 355 ml (12 oz) | 0 | 0 |
| Ginger ale (Canada Dry) | 355 ml (12 oz) | 0 | 0 |
A common surprise: Diet Coke contains more caffeine than regular Coca-Cola. Pepsi Zero Sugar contains nearly double the caffeine of regular Pepsi.
Chocolate and Cocoa Products
Caffeine occurs naturally in cacao beans. The darker the chocolate, the more caffeine it contains. Theobromine, a related compound, is present in much higher concentrations in chocolate and contributes a milder stimulant effect.
| Food | Serving Size | Caffeine (mg) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dark chocolate (70-85% cacao) | 28 g (1 oz) | 22-25 | Also ~200 mg theobromine |
| Dark chocolate (45-59% cacao) | 28 g (1 oz) | 12-15 | Also ~150 mg theobromine |
| Milk chocolate | 28 g (1 oz) | 5-8 | Also ~60 mg theobromine |
| White chocolate | 28 g (1 oz) | 0 | No cacao solids |
| Cocoa powder (unsweetened) | 15 g (1 tbsp) | 12 | Used in baking and hot cocoa |
| Hot chocolate (mix, prepared) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 5-8 | Varies by brand |
| Hot chocolate (made with dark cocoa) | 240 ml (8 oz) | 15-25 | Higher if using real cocoa |
| Chocolate ice cream | 120 ml (1/2 cup) | 2-5 | Minimal amounts |
| Chocolate-covered espresso beans | 28 g (~12 beans) | 120-150 | Highly concentrated |
| Chocolate milk | 240 ml (8 oz) | 2-5 | Very low |
| Nutella | 37 g (2 tbsp) | 2-3 | Trace amounts |
| Brownie (from mix) | 56 g (1 serving) | 8-12 | Depends on cocoa content |
| Chocolate cake slice | 80 g | 6-10 | Depends on recipe |
| Cacao nibs | 28 g (1 oz) | 35-40 | Unprocessed, higher caffeine |
Supplements and Medications
Many people do not realize that over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements contribute significant caffeine to their daily total.
Supplements
| Product | Serving Size | Caffeine (mg) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-workout (average) | 1 scoop | 150-300 | Highly variable |
| Pre-workout (high stim) | 1 scoop | 300-400 | Check label carefully |
| Caffeine pill (NoDoz, Vivarin) | 1 tablet | 200 | Pure caffeine |
| Green tea extract (typical supplement) | 1 capsule | 50-100 | Varies by brand |
| Fat burner supplements (average) | 1 serving | 100-300 | Often combined with other stimulants |
| Guarana extract (typical) | 1 capsule | 40-100 | Guarana seeds are ~4.7% caffeine |
| Yerba mate capsules | 1 capsule | 30-60 | Varies by concentration |
Over-the-Counter Medications
| Medication | Per Dose | Caffeine (mg) | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Excedrin Migraine | 2 tablets | 130 | Headache/migraine |
| Excedrin Extra Strength | 2 tablets | 130 | Pain relief |
| Midol Complete | 2 caplets | 120 | Menstrual symptom relief |
| Anacin | 2 tablets | 64 | Pain relief |
| BC Powder | 1 packet | 65 | Pain relief |
| Bayer Back & Body Extra Strength | 2 caplets | 65 | Pain relief |
| Weight loss supplements (average) | 1 serving | 100-200 | Varies widely |
Surprising and Commonly Overlooked Caffeine Sources
Several foods and beverages that most people would not suspect contain meaningful amounts of caffeine.
Unexpected Sources
| Source | Serving | Caffeine (mg) |
|---|---|---|
| Coffee-flavored ice cream (Häagen-Dazs) | 120 ml (1/2 cup) | 30-45 |
| Tiramisu (restaurant portion) | 150 g | 30-60 |
| Coffee-flavored yogurt | 170 g (6 oz) | 30-40 |
| Chocolate-flavored protein bar | 1 bar | 5-15 |
| Kombucha | 355 ml (12 oz) | 8-25 |
| Green tea ice cream | 120 ml (1/2 cup) | 10-20 |
| Decaf coffee | 240 ml (8 oz) | 2-15 |
| Non-cola sodas (e.g. Sunkist Orange) | 355 ml (12 oz) | 19 |
| Energy water (e.g., Vitaminwater Energy) | 591 ml (20 oz) | 50-100 |
| Caffeinated gum (e.g., Military Energy Gum) | 1 piece | 100 |
| Caffeinated mints | 1 mint | 40-60 |
The cumulative effect matters. If you have two cups of drip coffee (190 mg), a chocolate bar (15 mg), and take an Excedrin (65 mg), you are already at 270 mg, which is two-thirds of the recommended daily maximum.
How the Body Processes Caffeine
Understanding caffeine pharmacokinetics helps explain why some people tolerate caffeine better than others.
Key Pharmacokinetic Facts
- Absorption: Caffeine is rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, reaching peak blood levels within 15-45 minutes of oral consumption.
- Half-life: The average half-life in healthy adults is 3-5 hours. This means if you consume 200 mg at 3 PM, you may still have 100 mg circulating at 6-8 PM.
- CYP1A2 enzyme: This liver enzyme metabolizes approximately 95% of ingested caffeine. Genetic variants (CYP1A2*1F) determine whether you are a "fast" or "slow" metabolizer.
- Pregnancy: The half-life of caffeine doubles to 9-11 hours during the third trimester, which is a primary reason for the lower recommended limit.
- Smoking: Tobacco use induces CYP1A2, cutting caffeine half-life nearly in half. Smokers metabolize caffeine roughly twice as fast as non-smokers.
- Oral contraceptives: Extend caffeine half-life by approximately 30-40%.
Genetic Variation in Caffeine Metabolism
Research by Cornelis et al. (2006) published in JAMA identified that individuals with the CYP1A2*1F polymorphism (slow metabolizers) who consume four or more cups of coffee per day have a significantly increased risk of heart attack. Fast metabolizers showed no such risk. This discovery underscores why caffeine tolerance varies so dramatically between individuals.
Caffeine and Exercise Performance
A 2021 umbrella review published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (Grgic et al.) analyzed 21 meta-analyses and found that caffeine improves:
- Muscle strength: 2-7% improvement in 1RM
- Muscle endurance: 6-7% improvement in repetitions to failure
- Aerobic endurance: 2-4% improvement in time trial performance
- Anaerobic power: 3-4% improvement in peak power output
- Cognitive aspects of sport: Improved reaction time and vigilance
The effective dose for performance benefits is 3-6 mg/kg body weight, consumed 30-60 minutes before exercise. For a 70 kg person, this translates to 210-420 mg.
How to Track Your Caffeine Intake
Given the wide range of caffeine concentrations across beverages and foods, precise tracking requires knowing exactly what you consume and in what quantities. Nutrola simplifies this process: when you photograph or scan a caffeinated beverage, the app logs not only the calories and macros but also the caffeine content, pulling from a verified database of branded products and generic preparations. Your daily caffeine total appears alongside your other micronutrient data, making it easy to stay within recommended limits.
Practical Tips for Managing Caffeine Intake
- Set a caffeine curfew: Avoid caffeine at least 6 hours before bedtime. A 2013 study (Drake et al., Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine) found that 400 mg of caffeine consumed 6 hours before bed still significantly disrupted sleep.
- Account for all sources: Remember that tea, chocolate, medications, and supplements all count.
- Taper gradually: If reducing intake, decrease by 25-50 mg every 2-3 days to minimize withdrawal headaches.
- Hydrate adequately: While moderate caffeine intake does not cause dehydration (Killer et al., 2014, PLOS ONE), alternating caffeinated and non-caffeinated beverages supports overall hydration.
- Read labels on new products: The caffeine content of novel beverages (caffeinated waters, protein coffees, hybrid drinks) varies wildly.
Frequently Asked Questions
How much caffeine is in a cup of coffee?
A standard 240 ml (8 oz) cup of drip-brewed Arabica coffee contains approximately 95 mg of caffeine. However, this varies significantly by preparation method: espresso contains about 63 mg per 30 ml shot, French press yields 80-100 mg per 8 oz, cold brew concentrate can reach 200-300 mg per 8 oz, and instant coffee ranges from 30-90 mg per 8 oz. Chain coffee shops often serve larger portions that contain 145-360 mg per medium/grande serving.
Is 200 mg of caffeine a lot?
200 mg of caffeine is a moderate dose, equal to roughly two standard cups of brewed coffee. It is the maximum single-dose amount deemed safe by EFSA for adults, and it is the recommended daily limit for pregnant women. For most healthy adults, 200 mg is well within the 400 mg daily safe limit, though individual sensitivity varies based on genetics, body weight, and tolerance.
Does dark roast or light roast coffee have more caffeine?
By volume (per scoop), light roast coffee has slightly more caffeine because the roasting process degrades a small percentage of caffeine molecules. However, dark roast beans are less dense, so by weight (per gram), the difference is minimal. In practical terms, the brewing method, grind size, and water-to-coffee ratio matter far more than roast level for determining the final caffeine concentration in your cup.
How long does caffeine stay in your system?
Caffeine has an average half-life of 3-5 hours in healthy adults, meaning half the consumed dose remains active after this period. It takes approximately 5-6 half-lives (roughly 15-30 hours) to fully clear caffeine from the body. Factors that extend caffeine's half-life include pregnancy (9-11 hours), oral contraceptive use, liver disease, and carrying the CYP1A2*1F slow-metabolizer gene variant. Smoking shortens the half-life.
Can you overdose on caffeine?
Yes. Caffeine toxicity can occur at doses above 1,200 mg in a short period, with symptoms including vomiting, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmia. Fatal caffeine overdoses have been documented, typically involving caffeine pills or powder rather than beverages. The estimated lethal dose is approximately 10 g (10,000 mg) for adults, though individual thresholds vary. The FDA has warned against pure or highly concentrated caffeine products sold in bulk.
Does caffeine dehydrate you?
At moderate doses (up to about 400 mg/day), caffeine does not cause meaningful dehydration. A randomized controlled trial by Killer et al. (2014) published in PLOS ONE found no significant difference in hydration markers between subjects who consumed moderate amounts of coffee versus water. However, very high doses can have a mild diuretic effect. The old advice to "drink a glass of water for every cup of coffee" is not supported by current evidence at moderate intake levels.
Is caffeine addictive?
Caffeine produces physical dependence, and abrupt cessation after regular use causes withdrawal symptoms including headaches, fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and depressed mood. These symptoms typically begin 12-24 hours after the last dose and peak at 20-51 hours. However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) lists caffeine withdrawal as a diagnosis but does not classify caffeine use as a substance use disorder, because it does not produce the harmful behaviors associated with addictive drugs.
References
- EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal. 2015;13(5):4102.
- Mitchell DC, Knight CA, Hockenberry J, Teplansky R, Hartman TJ. Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;63:136-142.
- Cornelis MC, El-Sohemy A, Kabagambe EK, Campos H. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006;295(10):1135-1141.
- Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(11):681-688.
- Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T. Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(11):1195-1200.
- Killer SC, Blannin AK, Jeukendrup AE. No evidence of dehydration with moderate daily coffee intake: a counterbalanced cross-over study in a free-living population. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e84154.
- USDA FoodData Central. Available at: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov
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